|
}} The First Triumvirate was an unofficial political alliance known as an Amitica, between three prominent Roman politicians (triumvirs) which included Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus. "Pompey and Caesar now formed a pact, jointly swearing to oppose all legislation of which any one of them might disapprove. It lasted from approximately 59 BCE to Crassus' defeat by the Parthians in 53 BCE.〔Toynbee, ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler)," §"The first triumvirate...," and §"Antecedents and outcome…".〕 The alliance was "not at heart a union of those with the same political ideals and ambitions", but one where "all () seeking personal advantage."〔Goldsworthy, p. 164.〕 ==Creation== Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey had been colleagues in the consulship in 70 BC, when they had legislated the full restoration of the tribunate of the people.〔Goldsworthy, p. 94〕 However, since that time, the two men had entertained considerable antipathy for one another, each believing the other to have gone out of his way to increase his own reputation at his colleague's expense.〔Goldsworthy, p. UNKNOWN; "Although Pompey and Crassus had combined to seek office and cooperated in the restoration of the tribunate, their mutual dislike and envy swiftly resurfaced."〕 Caesar contrived to reconcile the two men, and then combined their clout with his own to have himself elected consul in 59 BC; as Goldsworthy notes, "Caesar used persuasiveness and charm to convince the old enemies" that he could give them what they wanted if they both joined in supporting him.〔Goldsworthy, p. UNKNOWN.〕 Caesar and Crassus were already allies, Crassus already having made "substantial loans" to Caesar,〔Goldsworthy, p. 81.〕 and he solidified his alliance with Pompey by giving him his daughter, Julia, in marriage.〔Goldsworthy, p. 174.〕 Each triumvir had their own reasons for joining together; per Goldsworthy, "Pompey wanted land for his veterans and ... ratification of his eastern settlement … Crassus... relief for the tax collectors of Asia… () needed powerful backers if he was to achieve anything."〔Goldsworthy, p. 166.〕 The Triumvirate was kept secret until the Senate obstructed Caesar's proposed agrarian law establishing colonies of Roman citizens, and the associated distribution of portions of the public lands (''ager publicus'').〔Goldsworthy, p. 167; "A commission would oversee the purchase and distribution of the land to both Pompey's veteran soldiers and large numbers of the urban poor."〕 He promptly brought the law before the Council of the People in a speech that found him flanked by Crassus and Pompey, whose enthusiastic support thus revealed the alliance.〔Goldsworthy, p. 170; "Both enthusiastically supported the bill, for the first time giving a clear public indication of the association with the consul."〕 Caesar's agrarian law was carried through, and the Triumviri then proceeded to allow the demagogue Publius Clodius Pulcher's election as tribune of the people, successfully ridding themselves both of Marcus Tullius Cicero and Cato the Younger, both adamant opponents of the Triumviri. Caesar was elected consul jointly with Marcus Bibulus.〔 The senate awarded Caesar and Bibulus "the woods and roads" as their proconsul territory, for which Caesar took offense. The Triumvirate proceeded to make further arrangements for itself; through a tribune, Caesar passed his own ruling on the proconsul territory matter, the triumvirate naming him proconsul of both Gauls (''Gallia Cisalpina'' and ''Gallia Transalpina''), and of the Roman province of Illyricum, with command of four legions, for five years. Caesar's new father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, was made consul for the year 58 BC. By 56 BC, the bonds between the three men were fraying,〔Boak, ''History of Rome to 565 A.D.'', pg. 169.〕 so Caesar invited Crassus, then Pompey, to a secret meeting, the Lucca Conference, to rethink their joint strategy, a meeting that renewed their political alliance. They agreed that Pompey and Crassus would again stand for the consulship in 55 BC; once elected, they would extend Caesar's command in Gaul by five years. At the end of their joint consular year, Pompey would keep Hispania ''in absentia,'' and Crassus would have the influential and lucrative governorship of Syria and use it as a base to conquer Parthia〔Cicero, ''Letters to his brother Quintus,'' see (2.3 ), accessed UNKNOWN.〕〔Suetonius, "Julius" in ''Twelve Caesars,'' see (24 ), accessed UNKNOWN.〕〔Plutarch, "Caesar" in ''Lives,'' see (21 ), accessed UNKNOWN.〕〔Plutarch, "Crassus" in ''Lives,'' see (14–15 ), accessed UNKNOWN.〕〔Plutarch, "Pompey" in ''Lives,'' see (51 ), accessed UNKNOWN.〕〔Boatwright, et al. pg. 229.〕 The alliance allowed the triumvirs to dominate Roman politics completely, but it would not last indefinitely due to the ambitions, egos, and jealousies of the three. Caesar and Crassus were implicitly "hand-in-glove", but Pompey disliked Crassus and grew increasingly envious of Caesar's spectacular successes in the Gallic War, whereby he annexed the whole of the Three Gauls to Rome. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「First Triumvirate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|